



PREsn:NTi£n by 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 



IN 



Don Quijote de La Mancha 



DISSERTATION 



SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY IN 
CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 



BY 



WILLIAM ELFOED GOULD 



BALTIMORE 

J. H. FURST COMPANY 

1905 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 



IN f 



Don Quijote de La Mancha 



DISSERTATION 



SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPICINS UNIVERSITY IN 
CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 



BY 



WILLIAM ELFORD GOULD 



BALTIMORE 

J. H. FURST COMPANY 

1905 



,1'' 



^a^^G,(p 



Gift 
Oarnegie Inst. 
24 Jal907 



TO 

Professor CHAELES CAREOLL MAEDEN 

as a token of the appreciation and regard of his pupil 

this monograph 

IS 
RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Inteoduction, - - - - - - - - 7-9 

Note, _.__.... 10 

Concessive Clauses, - - - - - - -11-18 

Synopsis of the Subjunctive Mood : 

I. The Subjunctive in the Subordinate Clause, - - 19-37 

Adverbial Clauses, - - - - - 19-25 

Adjective Clauses, ----- 25-29 

Substantive Clauses, ----- 30-33 

II. The Subjunctive in the Principal Clause, - - 33-35 
Blbliogeaphy, ....--. 36-37 
Life, .-...-.. 38 



INTRODUCTION. 



Although we have many grammars of the Castilian language in 
addition to Boheman's dissertation on the Subjunctive in Gonzalo 
de Berceo, Gessner's treatise on the Hypothetical sentence in 
Spanish, and the work of such writers as Diez, Foth, Meyer-Liibke, 
nevertheless, as compared with French, little has been written on 
Spanish syntax in general or the Spanish subjunctive in particular. 
It was felt, therefore, that it would be profitable to make a study 
of the Subjunctive Mood in the Quijote ; on the one hand, because 
the present writer already had some familiarity with the great 
work of Cervantes, and again more particularly on account of its 
pre-eminent position as a monument of Castilian prose. A 
most important reason also, was the fact that we have access to the 
original form of the Quijote, both in the edition of Fitzmaurice- 
Kelly,^ and in the fac-simile text.^ 

The object of the present dissertation has been, first, to offer a 
collection of all the examples of the Subjunctive Mood in the 
Quijote; secondly, to establish the laws governing the use of this 
Subjunctive ; thirdly, to show, wherever possible, that this Sub- 
junctive was an historical development from the Latin ; and fourthly, 
to emphasize those usages which are characteristic of the Quijote, 
in contrast with the Castilian of an earlier or later period. 

The text used is that of Fitzmaurice-Kelly which reproduces 
the text of the editio princeps of Madrid, 1605. It contains the 
variants of the editions of Valencia 1605, Brussels 1607, Madrid 
1605, 1608 and 1637, together with the Madrid reprints of 1647, 
1652 and 1668, as well as the variants of the more modern and 
standard editions up to his time. The present ^vriter has made 
careful comparison with the fac-simile of the first edition, and in 
the case of the not infrequent errors in the Fitzmaurice-Kelly text, 
the corrections are given in the foot-notes, where emendations are 

1 Cf. Bibliography, No. 10. ^ cf. Bibliography, No. 14. 



« INTEODUCTION. 

necessary in the cases of the examples treated. In the use and 
omission of accents, the edition of Fitzmaurice-Kelly has been 
followed. In 1, 22, 198 ; 1, 34, 344; 2, 17, 134; 2, 58, 448 ; 
and 2, 71, 539 the Fitzmaurice-Kelly text reads Uameis, pareciera, 
mateUy paseis and vuelvas, respectively, thus giving us five Sub- 
junctive forms which are in every case contrary to Castilian syntax. 
Reference to the fac-simile show that the correct readings are 
Uamais, parecia, matan, pasais and vuelves. Therefore no notice 
has been taken of the pseudo-Subjunctive forms. On the other 
hand, in several cases when Fitzmaurice-Kelly has given us an 
Indicative where the fac-simile gives us a Subjunctive as required 
by the syntax, attention has been called to the error in the foot-notes. 

As to the arrangement of the material, it should be stated that 
the idea of presenting first the Adverbial Clauses was suggested by 
the relatively greater importance of the Subjunctive in the Subordi- 
nate Clause, and carrying this idea one step further, the Subjunc- 
tive in Hypothetical Clauses was presented first of all on account 
of the amount of the material, and also because of the exceptional 
number of the important types displayed. Since in the normal 
type of the Hypothetical Sentence in Castilian, we have a Subjunctive 
Mood in both the Principal and Subordinate Clause, and since, 
furthermore, it is impossible to study one clause of the Hypothe- 
tical Sentence without taking the other into consideration, the entire 
treatment of Hypothetical Sentences has been disposed of in 
connexion with Part I (Subordinate Clauses). The same treat- 
ment has been followed in the cases of Concessive Sentences of 
Unreality, and Concessive Sentences of the type Sea lo que fuere, 

Regarding the system of citation of examples, the figures 1, 26, 
245, for instance, would signify that the example is found in Vol. 
I, Chapter xxvi, p. 245, and in the case of 1, 26, 245—246, one 
part of the sentence containing the example would be found at the 
bottom of page 245, and the rest at the top of page 246. The 
figures 2, 9, 75, would, of course, refer to Vol. ii. Chapter ix, 
p. 75. In cases where Vol. i and Vol. ii are mentioned at the 
head of a list of references, the figures 20, 168, for instance, would 
indicate a reference to Chapter xx, p. 168. It is understood, in 
every case, that all the examples are given ; and should there be 



INTRODUCTION. \) 

more than one example of the same kind on one page, the second 
example is referred to as bis, the third as ter, etc., the figures being 
repeated in every case. The Chapters are cited as well as the 
Volume and page, in order to make the material accessible to 
readers not having at hand the Fitzmaurice-Kelly edition. 

To conclude, attention should here be called to an exceptional use 
of fuera. In the following two stanzas of a ballad, the form faera 
is not used with the force of the Imperfect Subjunctive, but repre- 
sents a rare use in the sense of the Preterit, often met with in the 
old Ballads.^ This latter fact accounts for the use in the Quijote. 

ISTunca fuera caballero 

De damas tan bien servido, 

Como fuera Don Quixote 

Cuando de su aldea vino. (1, 2, 32). 

Nunca fuera caballero 

De damas tan bien servido, 

Como fuera Lanzarote 

Cuando de Bretana vino. (1, 13, 99). 

^ Cf. Foerster, Spanische Sprachlehre, p. 350, § 434, 3 ; Cuervo, Notas a la Oram, 
de Bello, p. 93, § 94. 



NOTE. 



It being impracticable, at the present time, to print the entire 
dissertation, the author publishes a single chapter in full, and a 
synopsis of the entire work. In connection with the synopsis, the 
statistics are added, and whenever the number of examples does 
not exceed two, the references to these examples have been included 
in parenthesis. It is hoped, therefore, that the two sections here 
published may show not only the details of the Concessive Clauses, 
but may give some definite idea of the scope of the Subjunctive 
in the Quijote, the relative frequency of the various types and 
specific illustration of those constructions which are especially 
rare. 



F»AR"r I. 



CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. 



The particle introducing eighty per cent of the Concessive 
Clauses in the Quijote is aunque, which may be taken as the 
type, the other introductory particles representing either equiva- 
lents in meaning and value, or intensifications of the same. 
Cuervo says of aunque : 

^^Hace los oficios de adverbio y de conjuncion. En calidad 
de adverbio, es relativo, lo mismo que donde, cuando, como ; y en 
cuanto al significado, es concesivo, 6 sea introduce una objecion, 
real 6 posible, al pensamiento expresado en la proposicion prin- 
cipal, denotando al mismo tiempo que tal objecion, aun admitida, 
no lo destruye 6 invalida. Con indie, denota que se admite la 
objecion como hecho real y positivo. Con subj. presenta la 
objecion como meramente posible." ^ 

Cuervo adds that when aunque is immediately followed by 
mas its meaning is heightened or intensified.^ This gives us 
aunque mas. 

Continuing, Cuervo says of aunque : 

" Compuesto de aun y que. La primitiva hubo de ser la cons- 
truccion con subj. como en frances ^ italiano ; en este caso el 
modo del verbo daria el sentido concesivo, y aun lo realzaria como 
en los casos en que precede a si, cuando. El valor concesivo del 
subjuntivo es comun precediendole que : Que se vaya, nada me 
importa.^' ^ 

Next in point of frequency of use for the introduction of con- 
cessive clauses in the Quijote we have piiesto que, which was a 
synonym^ of aunque in the time of Cervantes. Less frequently 

^Diccionario, I, p. 784. Cf. Foerster, Span. Sprachlehre, p. 432, § 503, 2. 

^ Diccionario, I, p. 785, /3. ^ Diccionario, I, p. 787. 

*Cf. vSbarbi, El refranero general espanol, p. 36 of Intraducibilidad del Quijote; 
also, Garces, Fundamento, pp. 269-270 ; Gramdtica de la Lengua Espanola por la 
Real Academia, Madrid, 1878, under Conjunciones Adversativas, p. 187 ; Bello, 
Gram., § 1268 (b). 

11 



12 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

used, and with much the same meaning, are cmnque mas, cuando, 
magicer que, porque, aim si, ya que, puesto caso que, and d pesar 
de que. Si bien ^ also occurs, but only as introducing Concessive 
Clauses of Unreality. Porque ^ only occurs once, likewise maguer,^ 
with the Subjunctive ; the former in poetry, and the latter in the 
letter which Don Quijote wrote to Dulcinea del Toboso. The 
entire language of the letter is antiquated and magiler que was 
evidently already an archaism in the time of Cervantes. Mag tier 
que ^ occurs several times without the verb ; for example, maguer 
que tonto (1, 27, 249) ; maguer tonta (2, 5, 46) ; and maguera 
tonto (2, 33, 266). In every such case the intention of Cervantes 
to use archaic language is evident. 

The concessive locution, por mas que, synonymous ^ with aun- 
que mas, and the concessive locutions, por -f ciny adjective, adverb 
or substantive used attributively -\- que (as, for example, por bueno 
que,^ por mueho que, por hombre que), are component parts of rela- 
tive sentences, and although concessive in sense are more properly 
treated under Adjective Clauses. 

1. Aunque. 

.... si no, por el mismo juramento os jure de volver a bascaros 
y a castigaros, y que os tengo de hallar, aunque os escondais mas que 
una lagartija. 1, 4, 43. 

.... suplico .... que vuestra merced sea servido de mostrarnos 
algun retrato de esa senora, aunque sea tamano como un grano de 
trigo. 1, 4, 46. 

. . . . es porque no es dado a ios caballeros andantes quejarse de 
herida alguna, aunque se le salgan las tripas por ella. 1, 8, 66. 

.... mucho mejor me sabe lo que como en mi rincon sin melin- 
dres ni respetos, aunque sea pan y cebolla. 1, 11, 85. 

.... cae muy mal el decir : quierote por hermosa, hasme de amar 
aunque sea feo . . . . 1, 14, 113. 

'^ Si bien, see Ch. iv, p. 43, of Hypothetical Sentences. 

2 Cf. p. 16. 3 cf. p. 16. 

^ In the time of Berceo, maguer occurred much more frequently than aunque, 
with both the Ind. and the Subj. as the case might be. Cf. Boheman, Om Bruket 
af Konjunktiven, pp. 89-90. ^ Qf ^ BeHo, Oram., § 1227, 6. 

•'Cf. Meyer-Liibke, Gram, des Lang. Rom., Ill, pp. 709, 710. 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 13 

.... aunque vea que me liacen pedazos no me socorra ni ayiide. 
1, 31, 308. 

Eso no, marido mio, dijo Teresa, viva la gallina aunque sea con su 
pepita. 2, 5, 47. 

.... que con esta carga nacemos las mujeres de estar obedientes a 
sus maridos, aunque sean unos porros. 2, 5, 52. 

.... si levanta la mano al cabello para componerle, aunque no este 
desordenado. 2, 10, 79. 

.... con las cuales le liare despertar la colera, aunque este con 
mas sueno que un liron. 2, 14, 112. 

. . . . y finalmente mantenedor de la verdad, aunque le cueste la 
vida el defenderla. 2, 18, 144. 

.... porque estamos todos obligados a tener respeto a los ancianos, 
aunque no sean caballeros. 2, 23, 188. 

.... ni el cielo permita que yo engaiie a nadie, aunque sea en un 
pelo de la cabeza. 2, 35, 286. 

Senor, replico Sancho, yo imagino que es bueno mandar, aunque sea 
a un hato de ganado. 2, 42, 321. 

The remaining examples are : 

Vol. 1—4, 46 (bis) ; 8, 65 ; 8, 68 ; 9, 74 ; 11, 87 ; 12, 93 ; 
12,96; 14,113; 16,128; 18,142; 18,151; 20,163; 20, 

165 ; 21, 185 ; 23, 205 ; 23, 209 ; 24, 216 ; 24, 217 ; 25, 230 ; 
25, 237; 27, 248; 27, 248 (bis); 27, 261; 28, 268; 28, 269- 
270; 29, 287; 30, 296; 33, 324; 33, 326; 33, 326 (bis); 33, 
327 ; 34, 333 ; 34, 335 ; 34, 335 (bis) ; 36, 361 ; 36, 364 ; 37, 
377 ; 37, 377 (bis) ; 40, 391 ; 40, 391 (bis) ; 40, 392 ; 41, 400 ; 
41, 412; 42, 416; 42, 421 ; 42, 421 (bis); 48, 477; 48, 477 
(bis) ; 50, 489 ; 50, 492 ; 

Vol. II— 4, 43 ; 6, 53 ; 6, 53 (bis) ; 6, 54 ; 6, 54 (bis) ; 6, 
55; 6,56; 11,88-89; 11,92; 11, 92 (bis); 13, 103 ; 16, 123 ; 
17,136; 19,153; 19,155; 19,157; 20,163; 20,165; 20, 

166 ; 23, 189 ; 24, 198 ; 25, 200 ; 25, 205 ; 25, 208 ; 27, 219 ; 
30, 240 ; 31, 247 ; 31, 247 (bis) ; 32, 252 ; 32, 253 ; 32, 256 ; 
33, 266; 33, 267; 34, 275; 35, 281; 36, 289'=; 37, 294; 37, 
294 (bis); 40, 305; 40, 309; 41, 314; 42, 321 {aunque sea); 
43, 328 ; 43, 330 ; 45, 346 ; 45, 347 ; 47, 355 ; 47, 358 ; 49, 
371 ; 50, 388 ; 51, 395 ; 53, 411 ; 53, 411 (bis) ; 57, 434 ; 58, 
448; 62, 478; 63, 486; 64, 496; 69, 525; 70, 530; 72, 544. 



14 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

As already stated in the citation from Cuervo,^ aunque, when 
followed by the Indicative shows that the objection is conceded as 
real or positive, for example : 

.... como yo confieso y creo, que vos, aunque pareceis el ba- 
chiller Sanson Carrasco, no lo sois, sino otro que le parece. 2, 14, 118. 

Quedo la Duquesa admirada de la desenvoltura de Altisidora, que 
aunque la tenia por atrevida y desenvuelta, no en grado que se atre- 
viera a semej antes desenvolturas. 2, 57, 436. 

Aunque tiene los ojos en su lugar y derechos, siempre mira al reves. 

1, 30, 290. 

2. Puesto que.^ 

Puesto que, though synonymous with aunque at the time of Cer- 
vantes, and presenting the same usage, occurs much less fre- 
quently. The examples are : 

.... que nadie habra que lo sepa, que no diga que hizo dema- 
siado de bien, puesto que le lleve et diablo. 1, 25, 232. 

.... porque te hago saber que ios diablos saben mucho, y jmesto 
que traigan olores consigo, ellos no huelen nada. 1, 47, 461. 

.... mas, puesto que coneeda que esta alli, no por eso me obligo 
a creer las historias de tantos Amadises. 1, 49, 486. 

.... J puesto que sea asi, quiero que calles y vengas 

2, 20, 160. 

. . . . de donde se infiere que, puesto que se coneeda que hay Dul- 
cinea en el Toboso 6 fuera del, y que sea hermosa en el sumo grado 
que vuesa merced nos la pinta, en lo de la alteza del linaje no corre 
parejas con las Orianas. 2, 32, 258. 

The remaining examples are : 

Vol. 1—28, 271 ; 33, 323 ; 33, 323-324 ; 33, 326 ; 

Vol. II_5, 50-51 ; 29, 231 ; 41, 313 ; 43, 328 ; 67, 515. 

Puesto que, like aunque, is followed by the Indicative when the 
objection is conceded as real or positive. Examples in Vol. I are : 

iCf. p. 11. 

2 There are two examples in the Quijote where puesto que is used in a Causal 
Sense, namely, 1, 47, 467, and 2, 72, 542. See Ch. on Causa/ Sentences, p. 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IX DON QUIJOTE. 15 

puesto que jamas llego la sandez cle Sancho a tanto, que creyese no 
ser verdad pura y averiguada . . . . lo de haber sido manteado. 
46, 457. 

Cf. also : 38, 381. 
Examples in Yol. II are : 

hojeo mas los que son profanos que los devotos, como sean de hon- 
esto entretenimiento, que deleiten con el lenguaje, y admiren y sus- 
pendan con la invencion, puesto que destos hay muy pocos en Espaiia. 
2, 16, 126. 

Admiraronse todos aquellos que la conocian, y mas los Duques que 
ninguno ; que puesto que la teniaii por boba y de buena pasta, no por 
tanto que viniese a hacer locuras. 2, 52, 400. 

Senor gobernador, de muy buena gana dejaramos ir a ^mesa merced, 
puesto que nos pesard mucbo de perderle, que su ingenio y su cristiano 
proceder obligan a desearle ; pero ya sabe que todo gobernador esta 
obligado, antes que se ausente de la parte donde ha gobernado, a dar 
primero residencia. 2, 53, 412. 

Cf. also: 2, 5, 46; 2, 11, 91. 



3. Aunque mas} 

.... no hallaremos de quien vengarnos aunque mcis lo p)rocuremos. 
1, 16, 135. 

.... porque no me querra el rey dar a su hija como mujer, si no 
esta primero muy enterado en esto, aunque mas lo merezca^i mis famo- 
sos bechos. 1, 21, 185. 

Mi dolor no os alborote 

Aunque mas terrible sea. 1, 26, 241. 

.... no lo dejes de bacer, aunque mas inconvenientes se te pongan 
delante. 1, 33, 327. 

Vos si senor mio, sois el verdadero dueno desta vuestra cautiva, 
aunque mas lo impida la contraria suerte, y aunque mas amenazas le 
hag an a esta vida, que en la vuestra se sustenta. 1, 36, 363. 

.... Sanchica ba de ser condesa, aunque tu mas me dig as. 2, 5, 49. 

.... y el negarme la comida, aunque le pese al senor doctor, y 
[aunque'] el mas me diga, antes sera quitarme la vida, que aumentar- 
mela. 2, 47, 355. 

iCf. Bello, Oram., § 1227. 



16 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

.... llevalde luego, donde vera por sus ojos el desengano, aunque 
mas el alcalde quiera usar con el de sn interesada liberalidad. 2, 49, 
376. 

4. Cuando^ (= aunque or aun cuando). 

. . . . y cuando el tiiyo no este en el punto que debe en la intencion 
de Camila en tanto que la solicitares, importa poco 6 nada. 1, 33, 327. 

Y cuando asi no sea, respondio el lastimado Durandarte .... cuando 
asi no sea, O primo, paciencia y barajar. 2, 23, 186. 

. . . . y cuando todo corra turbio, menos mal hace el bipocrita que 
se finge bueno, que el publico pecador. 2, 24, 195. 

The remaining examples are : 

Vol. 1—33, 320; 36, 362; 38, 379; 46, 459; 

Vol. 11—43, 327. 

5. Magiler que^ {z= aunque). 

There is one example of maguer que followed by the Subjunc- 
tive : 

.... maguer que yo sea asaz de sufrido. 1, 25, 235. 

6. Por que. 

There is one example of porque standing as the equivalent of 
aunque,^ and followed by the Subjunctive : 

Yo muero en fin ; y porque nunca espere 
Buen suceso en la muerte ni en la vida 
Pertinaz estare en mi fantasia. 1, 14, 110. 

The following is an example with the Indicative : 

Vnes porque os burlais no me burlo yo. 1, 20, 172. 

In the older language the use of porque as an equivalent of 
aunque and followed by the Subjunctive was more frequent.* 

7. Aun si. 

\ Cuerpo de mi ! Aun si dijesen los historiadores : el tal caballero 

^Cf. Foerster, Span. Spmchlehre, p. 436, 3 ; Bello, Gram., §§ 1218 and 1239. 
2 Cf. p. 12. 3 cf. p. 12. 

*Cf. Boheman, Om Bruket af Kunjunktiven, pp. 90-91, where four examples 
with the Subjunctive are cited. 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 17 

acabo la tal y tal aventura, pero con ayiida de Fulano su escudero. 
2, 40, 308. 

8. Ya que'^ (= aunque). 

Asi que, seiior Ambrosio, ya que dels el cuerpo de vuestro amigo a 
la tierra, no querais dar sus escritos al olvido. 1, 13, 106. 

.... que, ya que la guerra no de muclias riquezas, suele dar 
muclio valor, y mucha fama. 1, 39, 383. 

Unas nuevas os quiero dar aliora, las cuales, ya que no sirvan de 
alivio a vuestro dolor, no os le aumentaran en ninguna mauera. 
2, 23, 186. 

The remaining examples are : 

Vol. I— 10, 83; 20, 164; 21, 181; 31, 304; 34, 342; 34, 
343; 36, 359-360; 
Vol. 11—24, 194. 

9. Puesto caso que.^ 

Pero 2^'if'^sto caso que corran igualmente las bermosuras, no por eso 
ban de correr igualmente los deseos. 1, 14, 113. 

.... que jmesto caso que os maten en la primera faccion y refriega, 
6 ya de un tiro de artilleria, 6 volado de una mina, ^ que importa ? 
2, 24, 198. 

Cf. also: 1, 21, 185. 

10. A pesar de que, 

. . . . de alli le sacare a pesar del mismo mundo que lo contradiga. 
1, 44, 439. 

11. Alterncdives. 

Disjunctive sentences also, where the one as Avell as the other 
of the cases which exclude each other is conceded, take the Sub- 
junctive. We should expect this in so far as the speaker does 
not decide for either of the cases in question. 

Tambien me vengara si pudiera, fuera 6 no fuera caballero armado, 
pero no pude. 1, 18, 142. 

. . . . y que este en el hombro 6 que este en el espinazo, importa 
poco. 1, 30, 392. 

^ Cf. Foerster, Span. Sprachlehre, p. 443, 7. 
2Cf. Foerster, L c, p. 443, 7. 



18 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

En fin, seiior, lo que liltimamente te digo es, que, quieras 6 no 
quieras, yo soy tu esposa. 1, 36, 361. 

Ahora, seiiores, quieranme bien el 6 quieranme mal por lo que dijere, 
el caso de ello es, que asi va encantado mi seiior Don Quijote como 
mi madre. 1, 47, 465. 

Caballero andante lie de morir, y baje 6 suba el turco cuando el 
quisiere y cuan poderosamente pudiere ; que otra vez digo que Dios 
me entiende. 2, 1, 18. 

. . . . y en lo que el se mostraba mas elegante y memorioso era en 
traer refranes, viniesen o no viniesen a pelo delo quetrataba. 2, 12, 96. 

Y yo por tu esposa, respondio Quiteria, aora vivas largos anos, aora 
te lleven de mis brazos a la sepultura. 2, 21, 171. 

W\ yo tampoco de las de vuesa merced, respondio Sancho, siquiera 
me hiera siquiera me mate por las que le he diclio. 1, 23, 190. 

Eso no es maravilla, respondio Sancho, porque los diablos, jueguen 
6 no jueguen, nunca pueden estar contentos, ganen 6 no ganen. 
2, 70, 530. 

Cf. also : 1, 16, 120 ; 1, 20, 169 ; 1, 44, 437 ; 2, 32, 259 ; 2, 
40, 309 ; 2, 41, 312 ; 2, 44, 341 ; 2, 45, 343 ; 2, 47, 361 ; 2, 
70, 532. 

In the following the verb is to be supplied in the second case : 

.... que ora vengais uno a uno como pide la orden de caballeria, 
07'a [vengais] todos juntos. 1, 4, 46. 

. . . . lo que puedes hacer del, es dejarle a sus aventuras, ora se 
pierda 6 no. 1, 18, 145. 

O ya que fuese por las amenazas de Don Quijote, 6 [ya que fuese] 
porque Ambrosio les dijo que concluyesen con lo que a su buen amigo 
debian. 1, 14, 116. 

. . . . de que sea insula 6 no, la que gobierna, en eso no me 
entremeto. 2, 50, 387. 

.... vos haced lo que quisieredes, ora la hagais duquesa 6 
princesa. 2, 5, 49. 

.... mas alcanzan con Dios dos docenas de disciplinas que dos 
mil lanzadas, ora las den a gigantes, ora a vestiglos 6 a endriagos. 

2, 8, 72. 

.... llore 6 cante Altisidora, desesperese [6 no] madama. 
2, 44, 341. 

.... ora te tenga Merlin 6 Montesinos donde ellos quisieren. 
2, 48, 363. 

Cf. also: 1, 27, 259; 1, 29, 287; 2, 5, 51, 2, 14, 114; 2, 
48, 363; 2, 50, 384-385; 2, 73, 549; 2, 74, 550. 



PARTT II. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

I. The Subjunctive in the Subordinate Clause. 

Chaptee I. Hypothetical Clauses. 

Part I. Unreal Period. 
A. Complete Period. 

I. Pure Conditional Clauses. 

1. Period of the Present. 

a. si tuviese daria == si haberem darem, 52. 

b. si tuviera diera = si haberem darem, 73. 

c. si tuviese diera = si haberem darem, 1 (2, 24, 194). 

d. si tuviera daria ^= si haberem darem, 1 (1, 49, 480). 

2. Period of the Past. 

a. si tuviera diera = si habuissem dedissem, 122. 

b. si tuviera daria 1 (1, 22, 198). Cf. Foth, Verschie- 
bung, p. 26. 

c. si hubiera tenido, hubiera dado = si habuissem 
dedissem, 4. 

d. si hubiera tenido, diera = si habuissem dedissem, 10. 

e. si tuviera, hubiera dado ■= si habuissem dedissem, 9. 

3. Mixed Period. 

a. Type : si habuissem, darem. 

a. si hubiera tenido, daria, 2(1,33,324; 2, 7, 61). 
fi. si hubiet'a tenido, diera, 9. 
7. si tuviera diera, 8. 

b. Type : si haberem dedissem. 
a. si tuviera, hubiera dado 4. 

0. si tuviese, diera, 1 (1, 40, 398). 

19 



20 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

II. Infinitive with force of Conditional. 

1. Period of the Present. 

a. In the Principal Clause Pluperfect I, in the Sub- 
ordinate Clause a with the Infinitive. Type : si 
timer a diera = si haberem darem, 9. 

2. Period of the Past. 

a. In the Principal Clause Pluperfect I, in the Sub- 
ordinate Clause d with the Infinitive. Type : si 
tuviera diera = si hahuissem dedissem, 20. 

b. In the Principal Clause Compound Pluperfect I, 
in the Subordinate Clause d with the Infinitive. 
Type : si tuviera, hubiera dado = si habuissem de- 
dissem, 2 (1, 21, 179; 1, 22, 189). 

c. In the Principal Clause Pluperfect I, in the Sub- 
ordinate Clause d with the Perfect Infinitive. 
Type : si hubiera tenido, diera = si habuissem de- 
dissem, 2 (1, 42, 416-417 ; 2, 57, 434). 

3. Mixed Period. 

a. In the Principal Clause Pluperfect I, in the Sub- 
ordinate Clause d with the Infinitive. Type : si 
tuviera diera = si haberem dedissem, 1 (2, 34, 276). 

III. Concessive Sentences of Unreality. 

1. Period of the Present.' 

a. Type : si tuviese daria = si haberem darem, 21. 

b. Type ; si tuviera diera = si haberem darem, 11. 

2. Period of the Past. 

a. Type : si tuviera diera = si habuissem dedissem, 18. 

b. Type : si hubiera tenido, diera = si habuissem de- 

dissem, 2 (1, 34, 347; 2, 62, 479). 

3. Mixed Period. 

a. Type : si hubiese tenido, dai^ia = si habuissem darem, 
1 (1, 1, 24). The Concessive Clause is intro- 
duced by por . . . que, in this example. 

IV. Imperfect Indicative instead of Imperfect Future 

(Conditional Indicative) in the Principal Clause. 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 21 

a. habia de + infinitive = conditional. 

1 . Period of the Present. 

a. Cf. type : si tuviese daria = si haberem darem, 7. 

b. Cf. type : si tuviera daria = si haberem darem, 4. 

2. Period of the Past. 

a. Cf. type ; si hubiera tenido, diera = si habuissem 

dedissem, 1 (1, 19, 157). 

b. Cf. type : si tuviera, hubiera dado = si habuissem 

dedissem, 3. 

3. Mixed Period. 

a. Cf. type: si tuviera daria = si habuissem darem, 3. 
/8. Pure Imperfect Indicative. 

1. Period of the Present. 

a. Cf. type : si tuviese daria = si haberem darem, 7. 

b. Cf. type : si tuviera daria = si haberem darem, 8. 

2. Period of the Past. 

a. Cf. type : si tuviera, hubiera dado = si habuissem 
dedissem, 6. 

V. The Historical Perfect in the Principal Clause, 26. 

YI. Mixture of Real and Unreal Clauses. 

1. The Subordinate (Conditioning) Clause is real. 

a. Period of the Present, 3. 

b. Period of the Past, 2 (1, 34, 344; 2, 26, 213). 

2. The Principal (Conditioned) Clause is real. 

a. Period of the Present, 25. 

b. Period of the Past, 6. 

YII. Hypothetical Periods introduced by Conjunctive 
Expressions of Condition. 

1. Period of the Present. 

a. Cf. type ; si tuviese daria = si haberem darein, 1 1 . 

b. Cf. type : si tuviera diera = si haberem darem, 2 

(1, 28, 269-270 ; 1, 48, 477). 

2. Period of the Past. 

a. Cf. type : si tuviera diera = si habuissem dedissem, 3. 



22 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

B. Incomplete Period. 

I. Apodosis lacking. 

1. Period of the Present. 

a. Cf. diera ■= daremij 14. 

b. Cf. diese= darem, 12. 
Deviation a) 

a. Cf. diera = darertiy 5. 
/8. Cf. diese = darem, 16. 
Deviation b) 

a. C£ diera = darem, 3. 

yS. Cf. diese = darem, 1 (2, S, 38). 

2. Period of the Past. 

a. Cf. hubiera tenido =habuissem, 15. 

b. Cf. hubiese tenido = habuissem, 2 (1, 3, 36 ; 2, 58, 

441). 

c. Cf. die7'a = dedissem, 52. 
Deviation a), 5. 
Deviation b), 10. 

d. Cf. hubiera dado = dedissem, 1 (1, 44, 441). 

II. Protasis lacking. 

1. Period of the Present. 

a. Cf. die7'a = darem, 84. 

2. Period of the Past. 

a. Cf. type : hubiera dado = dedissem, 7. 

b. Cf. type : hubiese dado = dedissem, 1 (1, 21, 185). 

c. Cf. type: diera = dedissem, 117. 

Fart II, The Potential Use. 

A. Potential Clause in the Future Subjunctive introduced 

by si and cuando. 
In the Principal Clauses we may have : 

1. The Present Indicative, 42. 

2. The Future Indicative, 54. 

3. The Imperative (or Subjunctive so used), 40. 

4. Forms of Present tense of the locution haber de + 

an infinitive expressing either the Future or the 
idea of ^mugt,' 11. 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 23 

Instead of the Future Subjunctive, we may have the Imper- 
fect Subjunctive with the force of a Future, in the Subordi- 
nate Clause. In this case, in the Principal Clause, we 
may have : 

1. The Present Indicative, 3. 

2. The Future Indicative (or the Present Subjunctive, 

after an expression of asseveration, expressing a 
future idea), 5. 

3. The Imperative or Subjunctive used as Imperative, 

1 (2, 7, 6]). 

4. The Imperfect Future (Conditional Indicative), 2 

(2, 40, 305 ; 2, 59, 451). 

B. Potential Clause in Present Subjunctive introduced by 
GomOy con que, con .... que, con tal que, solo con que, 
con solos .... que, si no es que. 

In the Principal Clause we may have : 

1. The Present Indicative, 30. 

2. The Future Indicative, 19. 

3. The Imperative, 2 (1, 46, 454-455 ; 2, 31, 246). 

4. The Present Subjunctive used as Imperative, 2 (2 

26, 212; 2, 52, 403 i). 

Chapter II. Final Clauses. 

Introduced by : 

1. para que, 146. 

2. porque, 151. 

3. d que, 2 (2, 1, 19 ; 2, 51, 392). 

4. que, 11. 

5. Gomo, 2 (1, 33, 328; 2, 62, 474). 

6. a trueco de, 1 (2, 28, 226). 

7. de modo que, 4. 

8. de manera que, 3. 

9. The negative particle, having the meaning and force 

of 4est,^ 4. 

^ The text has digo, which has been amended to diga in accordance with the 
fac-simile edition, and as required by the syntax. 



24 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

Cpiaptee III. Consecutive Clauses. 

a. Introduced by que having an Adverbial Correlative in the 

Principal Clause. 

1. tan .... que, 74. 

2. asi que, 2 (2, 12, 98 ; 2, 67, 514). 

3. tanto .... gite, 18. 

4. en grado .... ^-i^e, 1 (2, 57, 436). 

b. Introduced by que having a Pronominal, or Adjectival Pro- 

nominal Correlative, in the Principal Clause. 

1. tanto (-j- substantive) que, 18. 

2. tal que, 16. 

3. tal (~{- substantive) que, 15. 

c. Introduced by gite, having the Elliptical Adjectival Correla- 

tive tal in the Principal Clause. 

1. de manera que, 20. 

2. de modo que, 16. 

3. de suerte que, 3. 

4. eri mo(io gwe, 3. 

d. Introduced by que having the elliptical correlative de tal 

manera or tal in the Principal Clause, 12. 

e. Introduced by para que {a que), 33. 

f. Negative Result, introduced by : 

1. que no, 10. 

2. sin que, 97. 

3. no porque, 14. 

g. Transition from Consecutive to Final Clauses, 3. 

Chapter IV. Causal Clauses. 

Introduced by : 
como, 15. 

puesto que, 2 (1, 47, 467 ; 2, 72, 542). 
ya que, 1 (1, 36, 360). 

Chaptee V. Concessive Clauses. 

Introduced by : 

1) aunque ; 2) puesto que; 3) aunque mas; 4) cuando ; 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 25 

5) maguey' que; Q) porque; 7) aun si; 8) ya que; d) puesto 
caso que; 10) a pesar de que; 11) Alternatives. 
For discussion, of. pp. 11-18. 

Chapter VI. Temporal Clauses. 

A. Introduced by : 

1. antes que, 80. 

2. primer que, 7. 

3. antes y primero que, 2 (2, 42, 322 ; 2, 52, 401). 

4. Guando, 115. 

5. siempre que, 1 (2, 41, 312). 

6. cada y cuando que, 4. 

7. como, 2 (1, 21, 179-180) (1, 24, 215). 

8. asi como, 2 (1, 21, 181-182 ; 1, 43, 428). 

9. en tanto que, 13. 

10. mientras, 4. 

11. mientras que, 1 (1, 30, 294). 

12. hasta que, 45. 

13. Jiasta tanto que, 5. 

14. despues que, 6. 

B. Temporal Locutions. 

a. Equivalents of Cuando : 

1. a tiempo que, 1 (1, 23, 206). 

2. a^ tiempo que, 2 (1, 25, 233 ; 1, 34, 347). 

3. el tiempo que, 1 (2, 35, 281). 

4. alpunto que, 1 (1, 43, 424). 

5. el dia que, 1 (2, 5, 51). 

6. a Aom que, 1 (1, 26, 242). 

b. Equivalents of Mientras [Mientras que) : el tiempo que, 3. 

c. Equivalents of En tanto que : 

1. el tiempo que, 1 (1, 33, 331). 

2. los dias que, 1 (2, 30, 239). 

d. Equivalents of Siempre que: las veces que, 3. 

Chapter YII. Adjective Clauses. 
A. Final Relative Clauses. 



26 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

I. The Autecedent of the Eelative is expressed. 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Pronoun, 78. 

b. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Adverb. 

1. donde, 30. 

2. que, 1 (1, 34, 346). 

II. The Relative includes its Antecedent. 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Pronoun, 27. 

b. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Adverb. 

donde, 6. 

B. Consecutive Relative Clauses. 

I. The Principal Clause is affirmative. 

a. The Relative has an Indefinite Antecedent. 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Pronoun, 102. 
y8. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Adverb, 23. 

b. The Relative includes its Antecedent. 

The Relative Clause is introduced only by a Rela- 
tive Pronoun, 12. 

II. The Principal Clause is negative. 

a. The Relative has an Indefinite Antecedent. 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Pronoun, 116. 
8. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Adverb, 7. 

b. The Relative includes its Antecedent. 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 
Pronoun, 24. 

III. Both Principal and Subordinate Clauses are negative, 
a. The Relative has an Indefinite Antecedent. 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 27 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Pronoun, 33. 
^. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Adverb. 

1. donde, 8. 

2. que, 1 {2, 47, 361). 

b. The Relative includes its Antecedent. 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 
Pronoun, 3. 

lY. The Principal Clause is Restrictive. 

a. The Relative has an Indefinite Antecedent. 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Pronoun, 1 (1, 41, 400). 
ff. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 

Adverb, 3. 

b. The Relative includes the Antecedent. 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 
Pronoun, 2 (1, 41, 415 ; 2, 39, 304). 

V. Interrogative Sentences to which a negative answer is 
expected. 

a. The Antecedent is indefinite. 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 
Pronoun, 42. 

b. The Relative includes its Antecedent. 

a. The Relative Clause is introduced by a Relative 
Pronoun, 3. 

C. Concessive Relative Clauses. 

I. The Relative includes the Antecedent. 

a. The Relative is a Pronoun or Adverb compounded 

with quiera ; for example, qideriquiera, cualquiera, 
como quiera, donde quiera, do quiera. (Examples 
given under I. b.) 

b. The Relative is a Pronoun or Adverb, that is, quien, 

donde (do), como, cuanto, cuantos, todos cuantos, 



28 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

Guales, used in a general sense, and having the 
force of quienquiera, donde quiera, etc. 

1. quien, 19. 

2. donde (do), 44. 

3. Gomo, 28. 

4. ciianto (= todo lo que), 22. 

5. Guantos, 3. 

6. todos Guantos, 3. 

7. cita/es, 1 (2, 16, 130). 

II. The Antecedent of the Relative is expressed. 

a. The Antecedent is a Pronoun or Adverb compounded 

with quiera, 

1. quienquiera, 12. 

2. Gualquier^a, 3. 

3. como quiera, 4. 

4. donde quiera {do quiera), 11. 

b. The Antecedent is a Noun modified by Gualquiera, 

or Guantos. 

1. Gualquiera, 14. 

2. cuantos, 8. 

c. The Antecedent of the Relative is a Personal or 

Demonstrative Pronoun. 

1. el que, la que, 34. 

2. /os gite, /as que, 19. 

3. fe(ios Zos que, todas las que, 7. 

4. ^0 ^i^e, 114. 

5. todo lo que, 24. 

6. todo aquello que, 18. 

7. aquellos, aquella, aquello que, 6. 

8. Concessive Sentences of the type: sea lo que {el 

que) fuere, sea quien fuere, 33. 

d. The Antecedent is a Noun with the Definite Article, 

Demonstrative Adjective, Gada or algun. 

1. Definite Article, 65. 

2. Demonstrative Adjective, 1 (2, 16, 128). 

3. Gada, 1 (2, 71, 535). 

4. aZ^im, 1 (1, 17, 138). 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 29 

e. The Antecedent is a Superlative expression. 

a. The Antecedent is a noun modified by an Adjec- 
tive in the Superlative degree, or a Superlative 
Adjective used substantively. 

1. mejor, 10. 

2. mcis, 21. 

3. menos, 2 (2, 3, 37 ; 2, 3, 38). 

4. mayor, 2 (1, 33, 323 ; 1, 3, 39). 

5. primero, 19. 

/3. The Antecedent is an Adverb in the Superlative 
Degree. 

1. lo mejor, 10. 

2. lomds, 2 (2, 5, 52; 2, 17, 135). 

3. lomenos, 1 (1, 21, 183). 

f. The Antecedent of the Relative is a Quantitative 

Adjective, or Adverb, or a Noun modified by a 
Quantitative Adjective. 

1. jjor .... mas que, 5. 

2. por mas que, 5. 

3. p)or mucJio que, 3. 

4. mas que (^^^por mas que), 4. 

5. por mejor que, 1 (1, 41, 402). 

6. por mal que, 1 (2, 28, 227). 

7. mal que (=^por mal que), 6. 

8. por .... que {=por mas .... que^, 27. 

g. The Antecedent of the Relative refei's to Adjectives 

or Adverbs connected by the Correlative Conjunc- 
tions 6 .... 6, 4. 

D. Conditional Relative Clauses. 

1. Period of the Present. 

a. Cf. type : si tuviese daria=si haberem darem, 6. 

b. Cf. type : si tuviera diera = si liaherem darem, 1 (2, 

26, 216). 

2. Period of the Past. 

a. Cf. type : si tuviera diera = si habuissem dedissem, 4. 



30 the subjunctive in don quijote. 

Chapter YIII. Substantive Clauses. 

A. Subject Clauses. 

1. The act is wished for. 

a. placer, 13. 

b. convenir, 8. 

c. ser acertado, 3. 

d. ser el gusto de algimo, 1 (1, 45, 448). 

e. ser de parecer, 10. 

f. salir por voto y parecer, 2 (2, 15, 119 ; 2, 15, 1 19 bis). 

g. haber parecer, 1 (1, 41, 411). 
h. ser el parecer de uno, 8. 

i. parecerle a uno, 2 (2, 26, 215; 2, 47, 357). ' . 

2. The act is demanded. 

a. ser la voluntad de alguno, 6. 

b. ser mandamiento, 1 (2, 12, 96). 

c. ser orden, 1 (1, 26, 243). 

d. ser determinacion, 1 (2, 7, 62). 

e. contenerse, 1 (1, 45, 449). 

3. The act is agreed upon. 

a. pacto y concierto, 1 (2, 15, 119). 

b. acordarse, 1 (1, 40, 397). 

c. ser acordado, 1 (1, 45, 448). 

d. concertarse, 5. 

4. The act is striven for. 

a. intencidn, 2 (1, 22, 192; id. bis.). 

5. The act is required. 

a. ser menester, 22. 

b. ser forzoso, 7. 

c. ser necesario, 5. 

d. ser de necesidad, 1 (2, 51, 393). 

e. ser de esencia, 1 (1, 13, 103). 

f. restar, 2 (1, 37, 371; 1, 46, 452). 

6. The act is represented as possible or impossible. 

a. poder ser, 61. 

b. ser posible, 30. 

c. ser imposible, 1 (2, 33, 266). 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 31 

d. poder aconteeer, 1 (1, 14, 113). 

7. The act is represented as permissible. 

a. ser licito, 1 (1, 33, 318). 

b. no ser licito iii concedido, 1 (1, 8, 68). 

8. The act is made a subject of reflection. 

a. ser Men, 46. 

b. ser bueno, 8. 

c. ser mejor, 16. 

d. ser razon, 20. 

e. estar puesto en razon, 3. 

f. ser gran razon, 1 (1, 43, 425). 

g. ser justo, 13. 

h. ddrsele a uno algo, 7. 

i. ddrsele a uno un higo, 1 (2, 8, 68). 

j. importar, 4. 

k. hacer al caso, 3. 

1. bastar, 10. 

m. no ser de inconveniente, 1 (2, 65, 504). 

n. no ser a proposito, 1 (2, 25, 206). 

o. jmrecer Men, 2 (2, 18, 149; 2, 57, 436). 

p. parecer, 2 (1, 9, 73; 2, 68, 517). 

q. probarse, 2 (1, 13, 99; 2, 12, 100). 

r. usarse, 2 (1, 49, 479; 2, 70, 532). 

s. estar en uso y costumbre, 1 (1, 13, 101). 

t. ser tiempo, 3. 

u. ser hora, 2 (1, 41, 404; 2, 54, 420). 

V. ser, 1 (1, 42, 420). 

w. miscellaneous examples, 24. 

9. The Principal Clause describes the impression which 

the Subordinate Clause makes, and the verb of the 
latter appears in the Subjunctive. 

a. ser maravilla, 10. 

b. ser mucho, 7. 

c. pesarle d uno, 7. 

d. que mucho, 4. 

e. dark Idstima a uno, 1 (2, 62, 478). 



32 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

f. ser Idstima, 1 (2, 59, 451). 
g. 6'er cosa de Idstima, 1 (2, 70, 528). 
h. darle gusto d uno, 1 (2, 3, 36). 

B. Object Clauses. 

I. The Subjunctive Mood is used in Object Clauses which 

depend upon a verb, or governing expression, which 
indicates : 

1. a wish, 266. 

2. advice, notification, exhortation, request, entreaty, or 

command, 604. 

3. an injunction or expression of the will suggesting its 

accomplishment in the Subordinate Clause, 4. 

4. a verb or governing expression which indicates per- 

mission, concession, or agreement, 91. 

5. prevention or prohibition, 9. 

6. an effort or striving after something, or contains the 

idea of causation, 93. 

7. fear, danger, hope, or expectation, wonder, suspicion, 

contentment, or in general any emotion, 38. 

8. expressions of asseveration, 49. 

9. thinking, perceiving, or understanding, 15. 

10. knowing, believing, or imagining when preceded by 

a negative or negative idea, or when the sentence 
is interrogative, 46. 

11. doubting and denying, 7. 

12. deserving and thanking, 6. 

II. The Indirect Question, 10. 

III. Que preceded by a Preposition in Object Clauses. 
a. de que after : 

1. verbs or expressions of emotion, 42. 

2. verbs or expressions of notification, 4. 

3. after an expression indicating advice, 1 (1, 31, 305). 

4. an expression of granting, 12. 

5. verbs and expressions of agreement and arrange- 

ment, 2 (2, 16, 122; 2, 25, 206). 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 33 

6. verbs and expressions of ordering, 14. 

7. verbs and expressions of prohibition^ prevention, 

aversion, or opposition, 6. 

8. verbs and expressions of effort and striving, 14. 

9. verbs and expressions of causation, 15. 

10. verbs expressing conjecture, and after verbs and 

expressions indicating indifference of feeling, 20. 

11. digno and capaz. 

a. Followed by que. A pure latinism. 2 (1, 45, 

450 ; 1, 46, 457). 

b. Followed by de que. 1 (2, 33, 264). 
yS. d que. 

1. construction absolute, 44. 

2. construction vacillating, 32. 
7. con que, 1 (2, 64, 499). 

9. en que, 11. 

C. The Omission of que in Substantive Clauses. 

a. in Object Clauses, 156. 

b. in Subject Clauses, 9. 

II. The Subjunctive in the Principal Clause. 
Chapter I. The Subjunctive expresses a Wish. 

A. The Wish is Good. 

The Tense is always Present. 

a. Simple Wish. 

a. affirmative, 82. 
/3. negative, 11. 

b. Expressions of salutation, praise, thanksgiving. 
a. affirmative, 48. 

p. negative, 0. 

c. Exclamatory Phrases. 
a. affirmative, 23. 

^. negative, 0. 

d. Explanatory Relative Clauses. 
a. affirmative, 16. 

/8. negative, 0. 



34 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 

B. The Wish is Bad. 

a. Simple Wish. 

a. affirmative, 44. 
/3. negative, 0. 

b. Explanatory Relative Clauses. 

1. Present Subjunctive. 
a. affirmative, 14. 

/3. negative, 0. 

2. Pluperfect Subjunctive (type : hubiese dado), 
a. affirmative, 0. 

A negative 1 (1, 35, 351). 

C. The Wish is Impossible of Realization. 
The Tense-type is the Imperfect Subjunctive. 

a. affirmative, 5. 
yS. negative, 0. 

D. The Conditional Wish. 

1. The Wish is conditioned by the si-clause, 
a. affirmative, 17. 

j3. negative, 2 (1, 45, 445; 2, 21, 168). 

2. Constructions with asi in the Conditional Wish, 13. 

E. Quien in Sentences of Wishing, 7. 

Chaptee II. The Subjunctive expresses an Exhortation. 

A. The Exhortation is an Incitement or Modified Command. 
1st Person Singular. 

a. affirmative, 11. 0. negative, 0. 
2nd Person Singular. 

a. affirmative, 0. 0. negative, 59. 
3rd Person Singular. 

a. affirmative, 411. jS. negative, 67. 
1st Person Plural. 

a. affirmative, 79. /3. negative, 1 (1, 22, 193). 
2nd Person Plural. 

a. affirmative, 0. (3, negative, 32, 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN DON QUIJOTE. 35 

3rd Person Plural. 

a. affirmative, 85. yS. negative, 5. 
B. The Exhortion is an Absolute Command. 
1st Person Singular, 0. 
2nd Person Singular. 

a. affirmative, 0. /3. negative, 38. 
3rd Person Singular. 

a. affirmative, 48. /Q. negative, 20. 
1st Person Plural. 

a. affirmative, 20. /3. negative, 2 (2,5,49; 2,9,75). 
2nd Person Plural. 

a. affirmative, 0. /?. negative, 17. 
3rd Person Plural. 

a. affirmative, 54. /8. negative, 0. 

Chapter III. The Subjunctive expresses Concession, 42. 

Chapter IV. The Subjunctive in Exclamations of Sur- 
prise, 3. 

Chapter V. La verdad sea (verdad sea), 4. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



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1857. 

2. Bello, A. — Gramatica de la Lengua Castellana, sexta edicion, con extensas 

notas de D. Eufino Jose Cuervo. Paris, 1898. 

3. Bischoff, F. — Der Conjunctiv bei Crestien. Halle. 

4. Bolieman, M. — Om Bruket af Konjunktiven hos Gonzalo de Berceo. Stock- 

holm. 1897. 

5. Cuervo, R. J. — Diccionario de Construccion y Eegimen de la Lengua Cas- 

tellana. Vols. I, II. Paris, 1886, 1894. 

6. Clemencin, D. — El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha compuesto 

por Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, y comentado por Don Diego Clem- 
encin. Madrid, 1833. 

7. Diez, F. — Grammaire des Langues Romanes, traduite por Auguste Brachet 

et Gaston Paris. Paris, 1874. 

8. Foerster, P. — Spanische Sprachlehre. Berlin, 1880. 

9. Fotli, K. — Die Verschiebung Lateinischer Tempora in den Eomanischen 

Sprachen. London, 1876. 

10. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, J. — Don Quixote de la Mancha. Primera Edicion del 

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36 



BIBLIOGEAPHY. 37 

18. Maetzner, E. — Syntax der Neufranzosischen Spraclie. 2 Vols. Berlin, 1843. 

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Jahrhunderts. Oppeln, 1886. 



LIFE. 



I was born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 4th, 1858. My 
preparatory studies were made at the College of St. James, in 
Washington County, Maryland, and I graduated from Columbia 
University, New York City, in 1879, with the Degree of Bach- 
elor of Arts. After a short residence in Paris, I went to the 
Island of Porto Rico, and lived for about a year in Porto Rico 
and Havana, Cuba. About fifteen years were then passed in 
active life in Wall Street, interrupted by two trips to Europe and 
a residence in Paris of some months. I first heard Spanish when 
ten years of age, and from my thirteenth to my seventeenth year 
spoke it daily at school, where there was a large number of South 
American pupils. During the entire period of my business life 
in New York, I made a point of availing myself of the many 
opportunities for conversation in Spanish and French which offer 
themselves in so cosmopolitan a city. 

Since October, 1898, I have been a graduate student at the 
Johns Hopkins University, where my studies have been in Spanish 
as my principal subject, and French and History as first and 
second subordinates, respectively. I have attended the lectures of 
Professors Elliott, Marden, Armstrong and Ogden, and of Doctors 
Keidel and Lee, to all of whom, I wish to express my thanks 
and gratitude for the benefit I have received from their courses 
of instruction. I desire here, particularly to thank Professor 
Marden for the critical training received so largely from him, 
which has enabled me to do this work, and to express especially to 
Professor Elliott my grateful appreciation of his constant guidance 
and encouragement in my advanced studies. 

William Elford Gould. 

Baltimore, May, 1903. 



LBJL ''01 



